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HLA-DQ2 & HLA-DQ8: Key Genes in Coeliac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity

1. HLA-DQ2 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ2)

   • Part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), involved in immune system regulation.

   • HLA-DQ2.5 is the most common variant linked to coeliac disease.

   • Over 90% of people with coeliac disease have HLA-DQ2.

   • This gene variant increases the immune response to gluten, leading to inflammation and intestinal damage.

2. HLA-DQ8 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ8)

   • The second most common genetic risk factor for coeliac disease.

   • Found in 5-10% of coeliac disease patients who do not have HLA-DQ2.

   • Also linked to gluten sensitivity and other autoimmune disorders.

Key Points About HLA-DQ2 & HLA-DQ8:

✅ Necessary but not sufficient for coeliac disease – Having these genes increases risk, but many carriers never develop the disease.
✅ Genetic testing can rule out coeliac disease – If a person lacks both HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, they are very unlikely to develop coeliac disease.
✅ Associated with other autoimmune conditions – Especially Type 1 diabetes, thyroid disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis.